A minute deviation from the light energy that created the world.

 A minute deviation from the light energy that created the world.


Due to the nature of science, most scientific papers cannot be without errors.


The real reason science can advance is not because the scientist is always right, but because it is constantly exploring what is wrong and what we don't know.



Although Gamov and Alper (origin of chemical elements), who explained the ratio of elements in the solar system, did not explain the origin of the heavy element heavier than helium, which is 2%, it was recognized as the beginning of the Big Bang theory thanks to its 98% success.


Gamov and Alper hypothesized that there were protons, neutrons, and electrons in the dense, hot early universe. However, unlike the knowledge at the time when the basic units of atoms were divided into protons, neutrons, and electrons, both protons and neutrons are composed of elementary particles called quarks.


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When the age of the universe was between one trillionth of a second and one-millionth of a second, the temperature was more than 1012 to 1022 Kelvin (K), and at this moment, it was not trapped in quarks, protons, or neutrons, and was freely floating in space. When the time reaches between one-millionth of a second and one second, and the temperature drops from trillions to hundreds of billions of degrees as the universe expands, it becomes the soup of protons, neutrons, and electrons that Gamov and Alper envisioned.



If so, how did matter itself come into existence in the first place? How did particles call quarks to come into existence?


While developing the special theory of relativity, Einstein discovered the principle of equivalence between energy and mass, stating that energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared. Here, m is the mass and c is the speed of light. Energy and mass are two sides of a coin, meaning that nuclear bombs, nuclear power generation, and hydrogen fusion of the sun are all energy generation processes according to this principle.


E=mc2


For example, helium is made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. The mass of helium is 6.64648x10-24 grams, and the sum of the masses of two protons and two neutrons is 6.69049x10-24 grams, slightly larger than the mass of helium. When two protons and two neutrons combine to form helium, energy corresponding to the difference in mass is released.


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In terms of the origin of matter, the principle of equivalence of energy and mass has another special meaning. If the energy of a photon, the basic unit of light, has a value equal to the product of the mass of a particle and the square of the speed of light, the photon spontaneously creates particles and antiparticles.


The reason light creates pairs of particles and antiparticles is that the charge must always be conserved. Since light itself has zero charges, the sum of the charges of the material it creates must also be zero. When a particle and an antiparticle collide with each other, they are converted back into photons. In the early universe, where the temperature and density were very high, light, matter, and antimatter were in equilibrium with each other constantly undergoing creation and annihilation.


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However, as the universe expands, the temperature drops and the energy of light decreases. In this case, the energy of light is less than the mass of the particles multiplied by the square of their velocity. That is, the energy of light is no longer high enough to create particles and antiparticles. On the other hand, particles and anti-particles created before that will collide and turn into light. Matter and antimatter were created in exactly the same amount, so if they annihilate each other in this way, eventually only light will remain in the universe.


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What does this mean? Perhaps it is a misconception that the number of particles and antiparticles is exactly the same? If the number of particles was even slightly greater than that of antiparticles, the particles that survived pair annihilation would form the material we see today. The extent to which the symmetry between particles and anti-particles is broken can be roughly estimated from the number of protons and photons in the universe today.


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The total number of protons in the universe that humans can observe is 1080. The number of photons is 1089. The number of protons is one-billionth of a photon. If so, that means there was slightly more matter than antimatter, on the order of one billionth of a billion. This very subtle deviation led to the existence of matter.


In this sense, all human beings are also a minority in the universe.

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