Ethica, about God...

 Ethica, about God...

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 Part 1 About God... Justice...


Self-cause is understood to mean that its essence includes being, or that its nature must be thought to exist. (Self-caused. Substances that do not depend on anything else to exist)


A thing that can be defined by another thing of the same nature is said to be finite in its 'thing'. For example, a body is said to be finite because we always think of something else larger. Likewise, reasons are limited by other reasons. On the other hand, the object is not limited by the thought, and the thought is not limited by the object.


The substance is within itself and is conceived by itself. (To be in oneself means to exist as it is. Thus, being in oneself and thought by oneself means being absolutely independent of anything else.)


That is, a substance does not need the concept of another to form its concept.


The attribute is what the intellect perceives about substance as constituting the essence of substance.


A mode is a transformation of a substance (something being stimulated or triggered to appear different from its original state), or being in another and conceived by another.


God is an absolutely infinite being, a substance composed of infinite attributes, each of which expresses an eternal and infinite essence. (Rather than speaking as an infinite property in one's own being, it is an absolutely infinite substance. If it is infinite only in one's own being, it is possible to deny the infinite property of anything. Everything that does not contain negation belongs.)


It exists only by the necessity of one's nature, and it is said that it is free to be determined to act according to oneself. (If freedom and necessity are considered from the point of view of metaphysics, not from the point of view of epistemology or ethics, the two concepts are congruent. Because the state of obeying the inner law is both freedom and necessity. Therefore, the concept opposite to freedom is not a necessity, but restraint or restriction. or coercion.) But what is determined to exist and act in a particular prescribed way by another is said to be necessary or coerced. (Inevitably... the meaning of restraint, coercion, restriction)


One understands being itself through eternity, insofar as one thinks that existence arises from a simple definition of the eternal. .)

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